英语四级语法知识点分享3篇 四级语法知识汇总
下面是范文网小编分享的英语四级语法知识点分享3篇 四级语法知识汇总，以供参考。
1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2) 关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that 可指人也可指物，见表：
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如：
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略)
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
分词，是动词的一种变化形式，只是这样变化完成之后，原先动词所具有的动作意义明显减弱了，更偏向于英语中形容词和副词的语法作用，因此在句中主要充当定语、状语和补足语。并且，使用分词可以起到简化定语从句和状语从句的作用，也就是分词可以起到定语和状语从句的语法作用，这一点我们会在下面的讲解中慢慢体会。
一、分词做定语
1、现在分词做定语
现在分词做定语主要有两种意义
(1)、表示主动、一般的动作
我们说过，分词是定语从句的简化，在分词表示这种意义时，若将分词改成定语从句，定语从句谓语动词要用一般现在时。此时，现在分词多数表示的`是所修饰名词的一种持久性特点。
e.g a puzzling problem=a problem that puzzles everyone
The exploring class=the class that exploits others(剥削阶级)
(2)、表示主动地、正在进行的动作
此时现在分词所表示的是所修饰名词的一种短暂性特点，强调正在发生的动作
e.g falling leaves=leaves that are falling
2、过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语，也有两种意义
(1)、表示被动的、一般的或完成的动作
此时动词一般为及物动词，此时若将分词改成定语从句，定语从句谓语动词要用被动语态
e.g the exploited class=the class that is exploited(被剥削阶级，表示被动)
The boiled water=the water that has been boiled(表示完成)
(2)、主动地、完成的动作
由及物动词变来的过去分词才有被动意义，而由不及物动词变来的过去分词则不表示被动，只表示主动完成的语态。
e.g a retired general=a general that has retired.
总结：现在分词和过去分词作定语时的区别是：
A.从语态角度来讲，现在分词表示主动意义。而过去分词通常表示被动意义(不及物动词的过去分词除外)。
B.从时态角度来讲，现在分词一般表示进行的动作，过去分词表示完成的动作。
二、分词做状语
分词做状语，其实就是相应的状语从句简化的结果，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随
1、表示时间，分词短语一般至于句首。
多数情形下，分词动作发生于谓语动作之前，有时候分词动作和谓语动作同时发生。
e.g Having watered the garden,he began tomorrow the lawn(分词动作发生于谓语动作之前)
Riding in the street,during the rush hours,you must be careful.(分词动作和谓语动作同时发生)
2、表示原因，分词短语可置于句首或句末，有时还可以置于主谓之间。
e.g Not knowing what to do next,I want to ask for your advice.
3、表示条件，通常放在句首
e.g Given more time,I would be able to complete it.
4、表示让步，通常放在句首
e.g Having lived in Canada for three years,he still can`t speak English well.
5、表结果，一般只放在句末。
e.g I went home,finding the door locked
6、表伴随状况，补充说明或方式，分词短语置于句首或句末均可
e.g He came running breathless and told me the results.
三、分词做补足语
1、在感官动词(如：hear/find/hear/smell/observe/watch/notice)之后，我们可以用两类分词做宾语补足语。简单来说，宾语补足语就是对宾语的补充说明，使句子的表意更加完整。
(1)、I heard him criticized many times.(过去分词做宾补)
(2)、We saw the sun rising from behind the trees.(现在分词做宾补)
2、在这些动词之后，我们也可以用不带to的动词不定式做补语，二者的区别是：用现在分词，强调动作正在进行;用不定式则表示一般的动作或一个动作至始至终的全过程。
In the park you often see people do shadow boxing(太极拳，表示一个动作的全过程)
总之，分词在英语中是一个非常重要但是也比较难以掌握的语法项目，说其重要，是因为只有理解了分词的逻辑，才能对英语有一个更深入的理解，同时掌握好分词的用法，对提高自己的英文写作能力也非常有帮助。相信大家能结合给出的例句，对这一语法有更好的理解。
1) After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys____ to go to school. (CET-4 1997,1)
A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged
2) ____,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (CET-4 1997,6)
A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equalC) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal
3)All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. (CET-4 1998,6)
A) considered B) be considered C) considering D)shavingsconsidered
4) The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a mountain. (CET-4 1999,6)
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D)shavingsbeen isolated
5) This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (CET-4 1999,6)
A) being B) been C) to be D)shavingsbeen
6) Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba. (CET-4 2000,1)
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C)shavingscultivated D) cultivating
7) ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. (CET-4 2000,1)
A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
8) You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (CET-4 2000,6)
A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
9) ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. (CET-4 2000,12)
A) To be judged the best B)shavingsjudged the best
C) Judged the best D) Judging the best
10) From the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A) marking B)shavingsbeen marked C) marked D) to be marked
11) She stood by the window, ____.
A) thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks
12) ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.
A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing
13) The editorial ____ now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.
A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write
14) It ____ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
A) is B) being C) turned D) got
15) ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing
16) The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding
17) ____ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A)shavingsdefeated B) To have defeate
C)shavingsbeen defeated D) To have been defeated